Whaling Captains of Color – America’s First Meritocracy by Skip Finley
INDEX

Whaling Captains of Color – America’s First Meritocracy

By Skip Finley

Published by the Naval Institute Press 6/15/20 [All rights reserved]

Index

A. E. Whyland, 75, 107, 132, 133–34,

141, 178, 179, 181

A. M. Nicholson, 105, 112, 178, 184,

190

A. R. Smith, 52

A. R. Tucker, 115, 125–26, 165, 230,

251n17

Abbie Bradford, 33, 35

Abigail, 35, 52, 208

abolitionists: opportunities for men

of color by, 7; Pompey work as,

52–54; Quakers as, 7, 12–13, 44,

46, 140, 145; whaling industry role

of, xii, 55–58

Acushnet, 111

Adelia Chase, 105, 172, 185, 186, 189 Adeline, 41

Africa, resettlement of black people

in, 11, 16, 26, 52–53, 56

African Americans in the Maritime

Trades (Malloy), xiii, 155

Alexander, 108, 177, 194, 198,

199–200

Almira, 94, 225

Almy, 25

Almy, William, 101, 106, 107, 223

Alpha, 15, 21, 22, 159, 254n8

Altamaha, 207–8

ambergris, 126–27, 131–33

Amelia, 103

America, 114

American Offshore Whaling Voyages

1667–1927 (Lund), xiii

Ames, Edwin, 223

Amethyst, 35

Andrew Hicks, 5, 85, 193, 200–201,

220–21

Ann Alexander, 111

Annawan II, 91, 207, 222

Ansel Gibbs, 219

anti-slavery societies and

conventions, 53–54, 56, 57–58

Arab, 84

Arthur V. S. Woodruff, 41, 42, 88,

112, 126, 190

Athlete, 221

Atlantic, 149, 207

Aurora, 164–65, 231

Avery, James F., 209, 225

Avilla, Joseph, 126

Babcock, John (George), 148–49 baleen (whalebone): amount from John and Winthrop trip, 201; end of demand for and replacement of, 137, 204; extension of whaling industry by market for, 137, 193–94, 204; harvesting of, 137; harvesting of as primary whale product, 100; Navarch ice incident when whaling for, 42, 43; products made from, 136, 137; properties of, 137; value of, 193–94; value of from Navarch trip, 43

Bartholomew Gosnold, 132–33 Basque people, 29–30, 100

, Gibbs

Woodruff

Belain, George Johnson, 35, 40–41, 91, 171

Belain, John W., 42

Belain, Joseph G., 35, 40–43, 126, 194, 217, 233, 234, 244n34 Belain, Peter, 40, 41

Belain, Thomas, 41

Belain, William, 35, 41, 91

Belain family, 31, 40–41

Benjamin Cummings, 107, 171, 231 Benjamin Tucker, 93–94, 225, 229 Benton, Anthony P., 62, 89, 99–100, 102, 115, 171, 172, 189, 217, 232, 234

Benton, Joseph P. “Joe,” 72, 99, 113, 115–26, 165, 218, 223, 230, 232, 233, 251n16

Bertha, 75, 107, 132, 134, 187, 189, 209

Bertha D. Nickerson, 184, 187, 193 biologicals, 129

1

Black Jacks (Bolster), xiii

black men/sailors: discrimination against and promotion of, xiv; free black men from interracial marriages, 12; involvement in whaling of, 4; landing in southern port with all-black crew, 9–10, 145; percentage of all men involved in whaling, 4; safer occupation opportunities for, 8, 31; state laws on freedom of movement of, 7; whaling as better than slavery for, 4–5, 27, 66, 205; whaling by free black men, former slaves, and descendents of slaves as, 4

black people: choices about

identification as Native American or black, 12, 14–15, 31–32, 151–52; constitutional rights of, 6–7; free blacks from interracial marriages, 12, 32–33, 38; hypodescence and slavery of, 139; identity

and opportunities for, 151–55; intermarriages between Native Americans and, 12, 19, 31–32, 36, 37, 38, 151–52; laws enacted to arrest and return slaves to owners, 6–7, 10, 52, 142, 144–45; literacy of, 49; property and tax laws for, 14–15, 38; state laws on freedom of movement of, 7; whaling

community role in freeing blacks, 55–58

Black Sailors (Putney), xiii, 155 Blossom, 180

Bolster, W. Jeffrey, xiii, 18, 144, 150 Bolton, 76

Borden, Nathaniel A., 168

Boston, Absalom F., xiv, 31, 47–51, 52, 145, 146, 151–52, 162, 166, 167, 168, 217, 238, 244n9

Boston, Freeborn, 48, 49

Boston, Prince, 47–48, 56–57, 145, 146 Boston, Seneca, 48–49

Boston, Thomas S., 50, 51

Boston family, 47–51

bowhead whales, 61, 129, 171 Brewton, Daniel, 55

Brock, Peleg, 223

Brock, Priam, 223

Brooks, Lionel L., 124

Brown, Charles, 124, 251n15

Brown, J. Ross, 83

Brown, James Franklin, 171, 207, 218 Brown, Robert, 206–7, 218

Brown, Roswell, 109, 223

Brown, William Wells, 53

Browne, John, 223

Brutus, 141

Bullen, Frank T., 149–50, 157–58 Burdick, Antone, 207, 218

Burgess, Paul Cook, 223

Burns, Walter Noble, 150, 177, 198, 200

Cachalot, 149–50, 222

Caldera Dick, 113

Calhoun, John C., 142

California, 31, 58, 140, 146, 194. See also San Francisco

Callao, 34, 91

camel system, 162–63

Cameo, 134, 181–82, 190, 209 Canadian Arctic Expedition, 85–87, 194

cannibalism (lifeboat strategy), 108, 110–11, 250n54

Canton II, 71, 72, 73–74, 190, 220, 259n2

Cape Horn Pigeon, 41, 101, 106, 231 Cape Verde archipelago, 173–74 Cape Verdeans: captains and crews, 72–75, 84–87, 103–6, 111–12, 114– 25, 174, 177, 178–91; contributions to whaling by, 178; cranberry bog work of, 60; culture of, 175–77; Hall of Fame in Providence, 106; identity and opportunities for, 152, 153–54, 174–75; information and records about masters,

xiii–xiv; language of, 174; packet ships owned by, 192; pay and lay system of compensation, 67–68;

population in U.S., 175; treatment of and discrimination against in U.S., 175–78, 256n13; whaling by, xiii–xiv, 204

captains/whaling masters: deaths from whales, 107, 223–24; discipline and management skills of, 157–59; length of trips and number

2

of captains, 5; management

and judgment of, xii; medical

knowledge and responsibilities of, 163–65; owner expectations for, 159–61; pay and lay system of compensation, 7, 66–68; qualities of a good captain, 156–57;

replacement captains, xii, 26–28; talent and skill requirements for, 7 captains/whaling masters of color: deaths from whales, 107, 113–15, 126, 223–24, 251n9; discipline and management skills of, 157–59; discrimination and difficulty to rise to level of, xiv; dynasty of Cuffe, Wainer, Cook, Boston, Pompey, and Phelps, xiv, 10–11, 15–20, 24, 26, 242n34; family-orientation of, 23; financial stability of families of, 18–19; information and records about, xiii–xiv, 11, 114; list of, 217–18; medical knowledge and responsibilities of, 163–65; meritbased promotion of, 6, 27, 66;

non-transferable skill of whaling, 18, 204–5; owner expectations for, 159–61; pay and lay system of compensation, 7–8, 66–68;

privilege of rank of, 4; qualities of a good captain, 156–57; rank not race as basis for discipline, 7; ranking of top twenty-five captains, 35; replacement captains, xii, 26– 28; revenues earned through, 7–8; safer occupation opportunities for, 8, 31; success of, 18–19, 43, 47, 50, 51, 145–46, 196, 205; talent and skill requirements for, 7, 34–35; time line of success of, 145–46; whales killed by, 232–34; whaling masters with Native American blood, 31–43

Carleton Bell, 75, 172, 186, 189 Carolina, 163

Carolyn Frances (Charles Brower), 87, 206

Carrie D. Knowles, 78, 79, 80

Cassander, 144

Catalpa, 66, 246n7

Challenger, 87

based

Champlain, Henry, 52

Charles, xiv

Charles Brower (Carolyn Frances), 87, 206

Charles Colgate, 149

Charles G. Rice, 189

Charles Phelps, 150

Charles Thompson, 196

Charles W. Morgan, 69, 101, 107, 194, 205, 221

Charleston Packet, 76

Charming Polly, 13

Chase, 91, 222

Chase, Owen, 109–10

Chilmark, 13, 36, 38, 93, 236, 237 Churchill, Ansel, 223

City of Columbus, 39, 90

Civil War: destruction of whale ships by the Confederacy, 35, 169, 203–4, 229, 230; discrimination and difficulty to rise to level of master before, xiv; end of and freedom for slaves, 8; laws enacted to return slaves to owners, 6–7; opportunities for men of color after, 204

Clara Bell, 71

Clara L. Sparks, 72, 115, 118–25, 126, 251nn14–16

Clarice, 94, 225

Clark, George, 163

Clark, Obed, 24

Clasby, Meteor, 223

Claudia, 134, 187

Clay, Henry, 209

Cleveland, Benjamin D., 178–79, 181, 182, 190

clothing, 81

Clough, Benjamin, 148–49

Coleman, John Pimmg, 101, 106, 107 Columbus, 82

commandments, whalemen’s, 23 Connecticut, 140, 141

Consipaion, One, 207, 218

Cook, Benjamin, 25

Cook, Daniel Cross, 223

Cook, Joseph, 25

Cook, Pardon C., xiv, 17, 24, 25–26, 159, 171, 217, 232, 234

Cook, Samuel E., 223

Corinthian, 225

Costa, Benjamin, 172, 189, 190–91, 218

Costa, Carlo, 184, 217, 232, 233 Costa, Maecelino Debarro, 132–33,

3

217, 232, 234

Cottle, Silas, 223

crew/whalemen: all-black crews, 9–10, 16, 22–23, 26, 47, 49, 52, 146, 159, 166, 167, 238; commandments for, 23; compensation for, 7; cost to feed, 7; desertion by, 88–89, 91–92, 97, 98, 105, 117; difficulty, dangers, and boredom faced by, 3–6, 31, 83–84, 88–89, 109; drowning of, 6, 31, 109; first-time whalers, 70, 71; life aboard ships for, 69–71, 81–84, 88–89, 101–2, 198, 199–200; pay and lay system of compensation, 66–68, 93–94; seasickness on whaling trips, 70–71; types of people working as, xii, 3–4, 7, 66; words said when a whale surfaces, 61

Crowninshield, 171, 189

Cuffe, David, 13–14, 15, 17

Cuffe, John, 13, 14, 15, 17, 25

Cuffe, Mary, 17, 18, 21, 22

Cuffe, Naomi, 17, 18, 21

Cuffe, Paul, Jr., 17, 18, 21, 26, 65, 159

Cuffe, Paul, Sr.: accomplishments and contributions of, 10–11, 16, 19; birth and early life of, 10, 12–13, 17; black–Native American heritage of, 12, 151–52; blockade running by, 15; business enterprises of whaling and mercantile missions, 16–18; captain position of, xiv, 159, 217; character of, 10; death of, 17, 18; dynasty of whaling and merchant captains and wealth of, xiv, 10–11, 15–20, 24, 26, 242n34; early

whaling career of, 13–14; family of, 10, 12–15, 17, 18–19; farming by, 13–14; financial stability of family of, 18–19; landing in southern port with all-black crew, 9–10, 49, 145;

legacy of, 19, 205; marriage of, 14; mercantile trade venture of, 14; monument to, 11; navigation and natural skills at sea of, 15, 145; as owner and captain of Ranger, 9–10; Quaker faith of, 10, 11, 15–16, 23, 45; school started by, 11, 16; ships built and owned by, 14, 15, 16, 20, 21; support for resettlement of black people in Sierra Leone by, 11, 16, 26, 52, 56; taxation protest of, 14–15; Westport home of, 14, 25 Cuffe, Ruth, 17, 18, 21, 26

Cuffe, William, 17, 18, 21, 26, 52, 72, 146, 166, 167, 217, 238

Cushman, Benjamin, 84

da Lomba, John, 178–81, 190, 218 Daisy, 125, 179, 181

Dartmouth, 13, 14, 15, 59, 235 Davoll, Edward S., 142, 158–59 Delight, 25

desertions, 88–89, 91–92, 97, 98, 105, 117

Dexter, Ebeneezer, 223

Diana, 52

Dias, Joseph, 111

discrimination and racial tensions aboard ships, xiv, 34, 91–92, 100, 102, 120, 146–50, 201

disease: aboard ships, 96, 100, 105, 123–24; affect on whaling industry, xii, 58, 59; medical knowledge and responsibilities of captains, 163–65; smallpox outbreak on Sullivan, 134–35; Wampanoag tribe deaths from, 36, 48, 58, 59

d’Oliveira, Luiz, 171, 189, 218 Domingues, José M., 171, 183, 190, 218

Domingues, Manuel J., 181–84, 190, 206, 218, 257nn17–18

Douglass, Frederick, 53, 54, 55, 56–58, 66, 152

Down to the Sea in Ships, 68

Draco, 149

Drake, Edwin Laurentine, xii

4

Draper, 168

Dred Scott v. Sandford, 6–7

Dryade, 91, 222

E. H. Hatfield, 184

Eagle, 40, 163

Ears, Jasper M., 95, 171, 184, 189, 217, 230, 231, 232, 234

Earthorp, Joseph A. H., 207, 218 Eddy, Abraham T., 223

Edgartown: black population in, 93; focus of whaling industry in, xi–xii, 199, 235; homes in, 93, 99; Martin home and life in, 92–99; Wampanoag tribe in, 36

Eleanor B. Conwell, 104–5, 126, 209 Eliot C. Cowdin, 231

Eliza, 40, 41, 42

Eliza Adams, 34

Elizabeth, 25, 91, 159, 171, 209, 222, 229

Ellen A. Swift, 75–76, 105, 181, 187, 190

Ellen Rodman, 184, 207, 209 Elliot C. Cowden, 184

Ellis, Albert, 223

Elvira, 90

Emerald, 206–7

Sandford

Hatfield

Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 113

Emma F. Herriman, 196–97, 199, 200, 209

Emma Jane, 94, 225

Essex, 108, 109–11, 113

Eugenia Emilia, 189

Eunice H. Adams, 95, 96–98, 184, 199, 225, 226–28

Euphrates, 76

Europa, 114, 225

Ewer, Alvan, 223

Ewer, Peter Folger, 162

Factor, 27

Fame, 141–42

Fannie Bond, 103

Fannie Byrnes, 189

Fernandes, Julio, 64, 126, 187–88, 218 Fisher, James H., 207–8, 218

flogging, outlawing of, 84, 100, 116 food, 81–83, 101

Fordham, Thomas E., 97–98, 225, 227 forecastle (foc’sle), 70

Forten, James, 55–56

Foster, Stephen S., 53–54

Fox, George, 44

Fox, Julia Good, 31–32

Francis, 167

Freitas, Antone, 68

Freitas, Frank, 68

Freitas, Theophilus M., 62, 68, 71, 104, 172, 189, 218, 220–21, 232, 234

Friendship, 45, 48, 76

Fugitive Slave Acts, 6–7, 10, 52, 56 Gardener, Hezikaih, 208, 218 Garrison, William Lloyd, 52–53, 55, 56, 57, 168

Gaspar, Joseph, 171, 186, 218 Gay Head: City of Columbus sinking near, 90; Native Americans in, 38– 39; racial background of population in, 151; runaway slave escape to New Bedford from, 36–37; Wampanoag tribe in, 10, 31, 36; whalemen with Native American blood from, 37, 40–43

Gay Head, 201

Gay Head II, 84, 85

Gazelle, 107, 229

General Taylor, 25

George J. Jones, 184

George Porter, 39

Gibbons, Arthur O., 96, 107, 226 Gloum, Alfred C., 223

Gold Rush, 31, 39, 58, 146, 194

Golden City, 93, 105, 185, 209, 225 Gomes, August Paul, 64, 111–12, 126, 190, 218

Gomes, José B., 121

Gomes, Joseph, 70, 123, 125, 153 Gomes, Manuel F., 209

5

Gone a-Whaling

(Murphy), xiii

Gonsalves, John T., 93, 95, 98, 101, 103–6, 189, 190, 196, 205, 218, 231, 232, 233, 250n54

Gonzales, Henry John, 84–87, 149, 194, 206, 218

Gooding, Abraham, 52

Gratitude, 225

Green, Peter, 27–28, 113–14, 145, 146, 217

Greyhound, 111–12, 126, 127, 171– 72, 189, 190

Hamilton, James, 26, 52

Hammer, 22, 23

Harlow, Stratton H., 223

harpooners/boat-steerers, 5, 27, 58, 62–63, 66–68

harpoons: Basque harpoons, 30; Nantucket sleigh ride from

harpooned whale, 5, 63, 182; record distance of throw of, 5; Temple Toggle harpoons, 170–71; typical distance of throw of, 5 Harris, Samuel W. “Sam,” 27, 47, 52, 54, 146, 159–63, 167, 217, 232, 234, 244n9

Harris, William P., 223

Haskins, Amos, 72, 89–92, 171, 217, 222, 232, 233, 238, 249n23 Haskins, Samuel, 39, 90

Haskins, William H., 43, 217, 219, 232, 234

Haskins family, 31, 43, 56

Havleton, Diane, 183, 184

Hazell, William, 208, 218

Hegarty, Reginald B., xiii, 252n17 Hegarty, William, 68, 252n17 Hercules, 41, 76

Herman, 87

Hero, 15, 21, 23, 25, 39

Hesper, 219

Higgins, Anthony, 32

Highland, 52, 54

Hiller, Edwin W., 223

History of Martha’s Vineyard

(Railton), xiv, 94

History of the American Whale Fishery (Starbuck), xiii

Howard, Alexander, 17, 18, 21 Howard, Horatio P., 18–19

Howard, Peter, 17, 18, 20, 21

Howard, Shadrack N., 18, 26

Howell, John Egbert, 224

Howes, Edward, 224

Howland, Isaac C., 224

Hudson, 219

Hudson Bay, 100

Hussey, Frederick, 101, 106–7, 217, 231, 232, 234

Hussey, Isaac B., 224

ice, danger from, 42, 43, 77, 201 Independence, 50

Industry, 24, 25, 39, 47, 49, 50, 166, 167, 238

Iris, 219

Isaacs, Charles, 121, 122–23

J. W. Flanders, 169, 231

James Maury, 67

Jeffers, Amos, Jr., 39–40, 72, 89, 90, 217 Jeffers, Amos, Sr., 39, 89

Jeffers, Henry Hubbard, 39, 90 Jeffers, Thomas, 39

Jeffers family, 31

John A. Robb, 184

John Adams, 27–28

John and Winthrop, 201–2

John Hathaway, 219

John R. Manta, 64, 112, 126, 132, 184, 185, 187, 205

Johnson, Ezra R., 168

Johnson, Richard, 17, 18, 26, 49, 52, 146, 166–68

Johnson, Richard C. (son), 168 Jones, Edgar (Edinbur Randall), 36–37

Josephine, 72

Junior, 101–2

Juno, 25

Kathleen, 111, 112

King, John B., 164–65

King Hiram’s Lodge, 80

Laetitia, 103

Lawton, Frederick A., xiv

Lee, Ferdinand, 31, 33–35, 72, 89, 91, 152, 194, 217, 233, 234

Lee, Ferdinand “Ty,” 33

Lee, James, 33

Lee, Milton, 33, 35

Lee, Notley, 33, 35

Lee, Robert (James R.), 33, 35

Lee, William Garrison, 31, 33, 35, 72,

6

152, 194, 217

Index Cont.

Manta

Leods, Samuel, 148

leviathans, xii. See also whales Lewis, Harold O., xiii, xiv, 24, 94, 155 Lewis, Henry A., 72, 76–77, 217, 232, 233

Lewis, Joseph R., 64, 72, 126–27, 218, 232, 233

Liberator, The (Garrison), 52–53, 55, 145, 168

lifeboat strategy (cannibalism), 108, 110–11, 250n54

logbooks: availability of and information from, xiii; Benton logbooks, 115–16, 117–25; dangers and difficulty of whaling life in, 65–66, 246n7; race and nationality of crews from, 152–53; so ends this day entries, 96, 98

Long Island: drift whale harvesting near, 30–31; Southampton whaling and whalers, 30, 33, 34, 204. See also Sag Harbor, Long Island Loper, 47, 49, 162, 238, 244n9 Lopes, Antone, 121, 122

Lopes, Frank M., 62, 72, 75–76, 102, 172, 182, 189, 218

Lopes, Joseph, 226

Lopes, Louis M., 75, 126, 133–36, 141, 181, 187, 190, 218, 232, 233, 252n16

Lopez, John, 226

Lopez, Lucy, 194–95

Lopez, Peter, 194–95, 218

Lottie Beard, 120

Louisiana, 219

Luce, Jesse, 224

Lucy Ann, 149

Lund, Judith N., xiii

Lydia, 171, 189

Macy family, 49

Madison, Napoleon Bonaparte, 41 Magnolia, 114

Malloy, Mary, xiii, 155

Mandly, Henry, 76, 207

Marcella, 67

March, 76, 91, 92, 222

Marchant, Byron, 128–29

Margaret Scott, 141

Margarett, 107, 134

Martha’s Vineyard: African American Heritage Trail on, 94; anti-slavery lectures of Douglass in, 57–58; black population on, 93; blockade running to, 15; focus of whaling industry in, xi–xii, 38, 235; Native Americans on, 38–39; racial

background of population on, 151; Wampanoag tribe on, 32, 36–38, 90; whalemen and masters with Native American blood from, 37–43

Martin, Nancy “Black Nance,” 94–96

Martin, William A., xiv, 89, 92–99, 199, 209, 217, 225, 226, 232, 234 Mary, 15, 20, 39

Mary E. Simmons, 172, 189, 207 Maryland, 9–10, 52

Mashow, Isaac H., 171

Mashow, John, 125, 168–69, 229–31 Massachusetts: end of slavery in, 12, 19, 48, 145; integration of school in, 54; slave population in, 140; voting and taxation laws in, 14–15 Massasoit, 41, 90, 91–92, 171, 222, 238 Masten, John, 21, 24, 25, 145, 217 Mattapoisett, 222

Mawer, Granville Allen, 70

Maxcy, John, 27

Mayflower, 30

McKenzie, Thomas, 72

medical knowledge and

responsibilities of captains, 163–65 Melville, Herman, 5, 37, 61, 68, 110, 113 men of color/people of color: choices about identification as Native

7

American or black, 14–15, 31–32, 151–52; constitutional rights of, 6–7; derogatory views about habits and intelligence of, 34, 36; free blacks from interracial marriages, 12, 32–33, 38; harpooning

skills of, 27, 58, 62; identity

and opportunities for, 151–55; intermarriages between races, 12, 19, 31–32, 36, 37, 38, 151–52; involvement in whaling of, xii, 4; laws enacted to arrest and return slaves to owners, 6–7, 10, 52, 142, 144–45; merit-based promotion of, 6, 27, 66; opportunities for in New Bedford, 7, 59–60; population share compared to proportion involved in whaling, xii; safer occupation opportunities for, 8, 31; success of and money made from whaling by, 18–19, 43, 47, 50, 51, 196, 205; use of expression and groups included in, 4; whaling as better than slavery for, 4–5, 27, 66, 205

Micah, Thankful, 31, 48–49

Millard, Martin Van Buren, 125, 165 Mills, Henry, 148

Milton, 184, 207

Milton, Anthony, 114

Minerva, 67

Minerva II, 171, 189

Moby-Dick (Melville), 5, 37, 61, 110, 113

Mocha Dick, 113

Montreal, 89, 132

Morning Star, 68, 72–73, 75, 169, 183, 184, 231, 238

Moses, Ruth, 13, 17, 31

Mosher, S. A., 113

Munroe, John, 224

Murphy, Jim, xiii, xiv, 71

mutinies, 6, 101–2, 107, 148–49

Myrick, Seth, 27, 114, 224

Mystic Seaport, 69, 204, 205 Nantucket: anti-slavery conventions and riot on, 53–54; black

population on, 58, 59, 146;

blockade running supplies to, 15; end of slavery on, 12, 46, 48, 54, 145–46; fire in and destruction of records, 154; focus of whaling industry in, xii, 13, 38, 44–45, 58– 59, 146, 162, 235; harbor sandbar and camel system to allow ships into harbor, 162–63; integration of school on, 50, 53–54; parade to celebrate Loper return, 162; Quaker congregation on, 44–45; Wampanoag tribe on, 32, 36–38, 48, 90; whalemen and masters from, 47–54; whalemen with Native American blood from, 37, 38, 44, 45

Nassau, 35, 208

National Anti-Slavery Standard, 56, 144–45, 147–48

Native American Whalemen and the World (Shoemaker), xiii, xiv, 94, 155

Native Americans: blacks escaping slavery, role in, 36–37; choices about identification as black or Native American, 12, 14–15, 31–32, 151–52; discrimination and racism endured by, 32–33, 34; diseases and deaths caused by settlers, 36, 48, 58, 59; fishing skills and expertise of, 44; free blacks from interracial marriages, 12, 32– 33, 38; identity and opportunities for, 151–55; intermarriages between blacks and, 12, 19, 31–32, 36, 37, 38, 151–52; loss of culture, identity, and rights of, 12, 32; pay Standard

and lay system of compensation, 67; property and tax laws for, 14–15, 38; records about whaling, xiii–xiv; right of tribe to determine its citizens, 31–32; teaching whaling to European settlers by, xii, 3, 30–31; whaling by, xii, 4, 30; whaling masters with Native American blood, 31–43. See also specific tribes

Navarch, 42, 43, 107

navigation: navigation skills of Cuffe, 15, 145; Smith teaching navigation to Rosa, 72, 73

Needham, S. R. Soper, 224

Negro Seaman’s Acts, 6, 7, 144

8

New Bedford: abolitionist views in, 60; avoidance of customs officers in, 24; black population in, 204; Cape Verdean population in,

175; center of whaling industry in, xii–xiii, 10, 13, 45–46, 59–60, 146, 152, 199, 235; creation from part of Dartmouth, 59; crew lists from, 154–55; Douglass escape to, 57–58; escape of Harry and wife to, 21; integration of school in, 50; lost ships that never returned to port, 6, 72; Mustee population in, 37; opportunities for men of color in, 7, 59–60, 204; racial background of population in, 152– 53; Retole’s Wharf in, 125; runaway slave escape to with help from Wampanoag woman, 36–37; textile industry in, 60, 192, 204

New Bedford Public Library, xiii, 5 New Bedford Whaling Museum, xii– xiii, 11, 129, 204, 205

New Bedford Whaling Museum Library, xiii, 104

New Hampshire, 140, 141

Newark, 76, 77

Newell, Robert R., 109, 250n1

Nigger, use of word aboard ships, 120, 146–50

Nile, 5

Noice, Harold, 84, 86–87

Norris, Howes, 148–49

Northeast states/New England: decline of whaling industry in, 3, 60, 192, 199; opportunities for men of color in, 6–7, 204; textile industry in, 3, 60, 192, 204

Northstar, 194

Norton, Abner, P., 224

Nye, James L., 224

odors, 88

Ohio, 99–100, 115, 171

oil/whale oil: average amount from each whale, 240n10; barrels and total value from Cook’s trips, 25; barrels and total value from Protection trip, 24; barrels as measure for and size of barrels, 130; harvesting of, 5–6, 63–65; money made from industrial whaling, xi–xii; net profits from harvesting, 7–8, 16, 43, 68, 72–73, 240n10; nonrenewability of, xii; odor from, 88; price of, xii, 204; uses for, 3, 131; value of from Navarch trip, 43. See also sperm oil Old Tom, 113

Oliver Crocker, 76, 208

Oliviera, Claude, 5

Ontario, 109

Oscar, 92, 222

P. & A. Howard retail store, 18, 20, 21, 22

Pacific Ocean/Pacific Northwest, 42, 77, 194, 200–201

Paddack, Aaron, 224

Paddack, William, 24

Palmetto, 41, 42

Palmyra, 90

Parnasso, 163

Patterson, 206

Payne, Elisha, 78–79

Pedro Valera, 62, 68, 70, 75–76, 102, 172, 181–82, 184, 189, 221

Pedro Varela, 99

Pennsylvania, xii, 58–59, 140 people of color. See men of color/ people of color

Pequot War, 138–39

Perry, José, 126, 184, 218

Peru, 171, 184, 189

Phebe, 27, 159–61, 162–63

Phelps, Alvan, xiv, 17, 18, 21, 22–23, 24, 25, 72, 145, 217, 238

Pierce, Severino, 232

Pierce, Severino D., 113, 114–15, 217, 224, 233

Pierson, William H., 224

Pilgrim, 144, 186

Pioneer, 35, 41, 132

pirates, 15

Platina, 37–38, 72, 125, 193, 220 Pleiades, 168

Pocahontas, 111

poem from Catalpa logbook, 65–66, 246n7

Polar Bear, 85–87, 194

Polynesian whalers, 106–7, 148–49, 198

9

Pompey, Edward J., xiv, 47, 51–54, 146, 166, 167, 168, 217, 238

Pompey family, 51

Poole, William Henry, 133

Powell, William Peter, 55, 56

President, 39, 41

Protection, 24

Providence, 106, 134, 141, 175, 235 Provincetown, xii, 77, 78–79, 103, 112, 115, 132, 134, 196, 199, 235

Putney, Martha, xiii, 25, 155

Quakers: abolitionist views and freeing of slaves by, 7, 12–13, 44, 46, 140, 145; Cuffe joining of and modeling life after, 10, 11, 15–16, 23, 45; founding of, 44; Nantucket congregation of, 44–45; persecution of, 44; prohibition of people of color from joining, 13, 15–16, 45; racial tolerance and respect for all humans by, 44, 45; whaling industry role of, xii, 44–45, 192

Quickstep, 103

railroad boom and expansion, 3, 60 Railton, Arthur, xiv, 94

Rainbow, 35

Randall, Edinbur (Edgar Jones), 36–37

Randall, Gideon, 209

Ranger, 9–10, 15, 19, 20–22, 23 Rebecca Sims, 94, 225

replacement captains, xii, 26–28 Resolution, 24

Returns of Whaling Vessels Sailing from American Ports, 1876–1928 (Hegarty), xiii

Revolutionary War, 7, 145, 203 Reynolds, Jeremiah, 113

Rhode Island, 140, 141

Richmond, 47

right whales, 61, 118, 129–30, 234 Rising States, 26, 51–52, 166, 167, 168, 238

Rising Sun, 103

Roderick, Joseph, 101, 107, 218 Rodin, Abraham, 159

Rodman, 76, 77, 166–67

Rodman, Samuel, 45–46

Rodman family, 45–46, 192

Roman, 34, 103

Rosa, Valentine, 23, 68, 71, 72–75, 117, 169, 218, 231, 232, 233, 238 , Sims

Rosa Baker, 68

Roscoe, 107, 206

Rosie, 194

Rotch, Joseph, 45

Rotch, William, Jr., 46, 145, 192 Rotch, William, Sr., 10, 15–16, 45–46, 48

Rotch family, 13, 23, 45–46

Ryan, Michael, 84

Sag Harbor, Long Island: fire in and destruction of records, 154; focus of whaling industry in, xii, 31, 235; racial background of population in, 151; runaway or freed slaves in, 31; Shinnecock tribe and whaling from, 31–35

Salem, 50, 236

Salisbury, Beulah, 36–37

Sally, 24

Samuel and Thomas, 41

San Juan, 29

Sarah, 90

Sea Fox, 109, 250n2

Sea Queen, 103, 184, 230

152, 154

Senna, Antonio José, 62, 102, 171, 184, 218, 233, 234

Senna, Ayres J., 62, 93, 171, 172, 185–86, 189, 218, 232, 234

Senna, Joseph H., 106, 172, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 218, 232, 233

shale oil, xii, 58–59, 137, 193

Sharon, 148–49

Shearman, Prince, 224

Shenandoah, 35

Shinnecock tribe, 31–35, 152

ships/whale ships: conversion to slave ships, 140–42, 143, 159; cost of, 3; damage to and sinking of by

10

whales, 6, 84, 109–11, 113, 196; discrimination and racial tensions aboard, viv, 34, 91–92, 100, 102, 120, 146–50, 201; last remaining ship, 205; life aboard, 69–71, 81– 84, 88–89, 101–2, 198, 199–200; lost ships that never returned to port, 6, 72; Mashow, ships

designed and/or built by, 168–69, 229–31; mutinies aboard, 6, 101–2, 107, 148–49; Nantucket sleigh ride from harpooned whale, 5, 63, 182; number built, xii; ownership of, 171–72; process of butchering and blubber melting aboard, 5–6, 63–65, 88; racial prejudice on, no room for, 4, 7, 27; sails on, 203, slave ships, 140–42, 143, 159 slavery: blacks escaping slavery, Native American role in, 36–37; blood-fraction laws, 139; Civil War end and freedom for slaves, 8; cost to feed slaves, 7; crimes of, 53–54; early history of,

138; end of, 12, 19, 46, 48, 54; escape of Harry and wife to New Bedford, 21; free labor from

slaves, 139; hypodescence and, 139; justification of by supporters, 138–39; laws enacted to arrest blacks and return slaves to owners, 6–7, 10, 52, 142, 144–45; laws supporting, 139–40; manumission San Francisco, 100, 137, 194, 199, 235 Seaman’s Protection Papers, 57, 58, 259n2; size of, 69, 203; speed of, 203–4; whaleboats from, pursuit of whale by, 62–63

Shoemaker, Nancy, xiii, xiv, 94, 155 Shorey, Julia, 200, 202

Shorey, William T., xiv, 23, 41, 103, 108, 150, 177, 194, 195–202, 217,

232, 233, 257n18

Silva, Franks, 118

Silva, John Z., 104, 171, 188, 217 Silvia, Clarence J., 98

process for freeing, 47–48;

population in whaling states, 140; Prince Boston as first slave to

sue for freedom, 48; publications supporting end of, 52–53, 55, 56, 144–45, 147–48, 168; Quaker

opposition to and freeing of slaves by, 7, 12–13, 44, 46, 140, 145; status as slave defined in terms of the woman/mother, 32–33; support for, 142; whaling as better than, 4–5, 27, 66, 205; whaling industry role in, xii, 55–58

Slocum, Kofi, 12–13, 15–16, 17

Smalley, Amos, 37–38

Smith, John, 102, 106

Smith, Marian W., 72

Smith, Robert B., 224

Snow, William F., 246n7

So Ends This Day (Warrin), xiii, 94, 155

South Carolina, 52

Southampton, Long Island, 30, 33, 34, 204

Southern Harvester, 132

southern ports: landing in with allblack crew and concern about

runaway salve accusations, 9–10, 49, 145; laws about ship crews landing in, 52; laws enacted to arrest blacks and return slaves to owners, 144–45

Southworth, Thomas J., 224

sperm oil: barrels and total value from Cook’s trips, 25; barrels and total value from John Adams trip, 27; barrels and total value from Loper

11

trip, 47, 162, 244n9; barrels and total value from Protection trip, 24; barrels and total value from

Sparks trip, 122, 251n14; barrels from Independence trip, 50; barrels from large whale Smalley killed, 38; odor from, 88; price and value of, xii, 130, 234; spermaceti from head, 64, 130

sperm whales: ambergris from, 126– 27, 131–33; average amount of oil from, 118, 240n10; characteristics and habits of, 130–31; dart gun to catch and bomb lance to kill, 37– 38; number killed, 131; preference for killing, 129–30; size of, 38; speed of, 131; surfacing and spout of steam from, 61; survival skills and estimates population of, 131; teeth of, 6, 64

spermaceti, 64, 130

Splendid, 39

Stackpole, Matthew, 69

Star Castle, 184

Starbuck, Alexander, xiii, 30, 38, 77 Starbuck, Obed, 47, 162, 238, 242n34 steel industry, 3

Stefansson, Vihljamur, 85–87 Stella, 107

Stephania, 76

Stevenson, Collins A., 72, 77, 78–80, 103, 217, 232, 233

Stull, David Conwell, 132

submarines, 105, 127, 128–29, 203 Sullivan, 68, 134–35, 220, 221 Sunbeam, 104, 105, 125, 188, 190, 207, 220

Sunfish, 20

Susex, Ezra, 208, 218

Swain, Silas, 224

Swain, William, 47–48

Swallow, 178

Sylvia, Antone, 171–72, 185, 189, 217 Tamerlane, 100

teeth, whale, 6, 64, 131

Tekoa, 171, 184, 189

Temple, Lewis, 170–71

textile industry, 3, 60, 192, 204 Thomas, 47, 49

Thoughts on African Colonization (Garrison), 52–53

Thriver, 114

Timoleon, 24

Tisbury, 36, 38, 93, 235

Topping, Richard, 224

Traveller, 14, 16, 19, 21, 22–23, 24, 25, 26, 49, 238

Triton, 149, 222

Two Brothers, 25

Union, 111

Unk, Industry, 224

Valkyria, 75, 126, 133, 184, 190–91 Vanderhoop, Edwin D., 39

Vanderhoop, Netta, 36–37

vermin, 83

Viola, 127, 132

Virginia, 52, 138, 139, 142

voyages/whaling trips: all-black crews on, 9–10, 16, 22–23, 26, 49, 52, 146, 159, 166, 167, 238; dangers and boredom of, 3–6, 31, 65–66, 83–84, 88–89, 109, 246n7; families of captains on, 23; last trips, 205–6; length of, 5; lost ships that never returned to port during, 6, 72; mileage covered by, xiii; mutinies during, 6, 101–2, 107, 148–49; net profits from, 7–8, 16, 43, 68, 72– 73, 240n10; number made, xii, xiii; number made with replacement masters, xii; records about, xiii–xiv, 16; seasickness on, 70–71; time of the year and timing of, 77;

worldwide locations and map of, xii–xiii, 206

12

Wade, 168

Wainer, Asa, 23, 25, 171

Wainer, Gardner, 21, 25

Wainer, Jeremiah, 19, 20, 21 Wainer, John, 19, 25

Wainer, Mary, 21, 24

Wainer, Michael (Micah), xiv, 15, 16, 18, 19–20, 24, 25, 145, 151–52, 217 Wainer, Paul, xiv, 19, 21, 23–24, 145, 217

Wainer, Rodney, 25

Wainer, Thomas, xiv, 19, 20–22, 24, 25, 145, 159, 217

Wainer family, 31

Wampanoag tribe: blacks escaping slavery, role in, 36–37; death of from epidemics caused by settlers, 36, 48, 58, 59; end of with death of last members, 48; eradication attempts by the Puritans, 35–36; Martha’s Vineyard and Nantucket home of, 32, 36–38, 48, 90;

Massasoit tribe relationship to, 90; number of members of, 36; Paul Cuffe’s mother as member of, 10, 12, 13, 31; People of the First Light name for, 243n19; whaling by, 37–38; whaling talent and skills of, 37–38

Wanderer, 41, 113, 207 Warrin, Donald, xiii, 94, 100, 155 wars, xii, 203

Washington, 76, 167, 168

Washington Freeman, 114

Watchman, 132

Wave, 100

Waverly, 94, 225

weather: affect on whaling industry, xii; dangers associated with, 5; hurricane season, 77, 112; North Pacific weather, 194, 200–201; ships lost from storms, 75–76; time of the year and timing of whaling trips, 77; whale hunting at the end of winter, 100; wind, weather, and

seasickness on whaling trips, 70– 71; wind and weather on Eunice H. Adams trip, 96–97

Weir, Robert, 71

West Indian masters and sailors, 4, 40, 78–80, 153

Westport: acceptance of Cuffe into Quaker society in, 15–16; Cuffe sailing from and lack

of records about trips, 16, 22; Cuffe settlement in, 14, 26;

focus of whaling industry in,

235; monument to Cuffe in, 11; purchase of property by Cuffe in, 20; Wainer family cemetery in, 24; whaling households in, 26

whales: attitudes toward, 128; average amount of oil from, 118, 240n10; captains killed by, 107, 113–15, 126, 223–24, 251n9; characteristics and culture of, 128–29, 130–31; damage to and sinking of ships by, 6, 84, 109–11, 113, 196; finding and catching, 61–62; first recorded attempt by colonists to catch, 30; killing and butchering of, 5–6, 30, 62–65; killing of by captains of color, 232–34; leviathans name for, xii; memories of, 129; Nantucket sleigh ride from harpooned whale, 5, 63, 182; number killed, 129; products made from, 131–32; size and weight of, 5, 110, 118; skill for fleeing of, 5; sounds made by, 128– 29; species/types of, 129; strategy for hunting, 118; surfacing and spout of steam from, 61; swimming and surfacing habits of, 61–62; swimming speed of, 110; towing back to ship, 5, 63; types of whales killed, 129–30, 234; value of, xi–xii. See also sperm whales

whale-watching, xiii

whaling industry: brutality of the trade, 128; centers of and ranking of ports, xi–xiii, 10, 13, 38,

44–46, 58–60, 137, 199, 235–37; commerce and jobs related to, 131; commercial viability of, 131, 192; contributions of black men to, 166– 72; decline in and end of, 60, 137, 192, 203–4; diversity in, xii; drift whaling, 30–31; factors conspiring to end, xii, 58–59, 203–4; legacy of, 204–6; money made from, xi–xii, 3; non-transferable skill of whaling, 18, 204–5; number of people

involved in, 3; pay and lay system of compensation, 66–68, 93–94;

13

products made from whales, 131–

32; ranking of, 3; recordkeeping of,

xiii; size and complexity of, xii; start

of, 29–31, 38; teaching whaling

to European settlers by Native

Americans, xii, 3, 30–31; types of

people involved in, xii, 3–4, 7, 66;

worldwide whaling grounds for, xiii

William A. Graber, 76, 178, 179–80,

182, 191

William A. Grozier, xi, 5, 132, 188

William E. Terry, 188

William Hamilton, 76

Williams, Charles, 117, 120

Willis, 222

Wilmington, Delaware, 22, 236

Winslow, Bradford W., 224

Wise, Henry A., 142

Wood, Elihu, 224

Wood, William H., 209, 218

Young Phenix, 34

Yukon, 191

Zephyr, 76

14