Whaling Captains of Color – America’s First Meritocracy by Skip Finley
INDEX
Whaling Captains of Color – America’s First Meritocracy
By Skip Finley
Published by the Naval Institute Press 6/15/20 [All rights reserved]
Index
A. E. Whyland, 75, 107, 132, 133–34,
141, 178, 179, 181
A. M. Nicholson, 105, 112, 178, 184,
190
A. R. Smith, 52
A. R. Tucker, 115, 125–26, 165, 230,
251n17
Abbie Bradford, 33, 35
Abigail, 35, 52, 208
abolitionists: opportunities for men
of color by, 7; Pompey work as,
52–54; Quakers as, 7, 12–13, 44,
46, 140, 145; whaling industry role
of, xii, 55–58
Acushnet, 111
Adelia Chase, 105, 172, 185, 186, 189 Adeline, 41
Africa, resettlement of black people
in, 11, 16, 26, 52–53, 56
African Americans in the Maritime
Trades (Malloy), xiii, 155
Alexander, 108, 177, 194, 198,
199–200
Almira, 94, 225
Almy, 25
Almy, William, 101, 106, 107, 223
Alpha, 15, 21, 22, 159, 254n8
Altamaha, 207–8
ambergris, 126–27, 131–33
Amelia, 103
America, 114
American Offshore Whaling Voyages
1667–1927 (Lund), xiii
Ames, Edwin, 223
Amethyst, 35
Andrew Hicks, 5, 85, 193, 200–201,
220–21
Ann Alexander, 111
Annawan II, 91, 207, 222
Ansel Gibbs, 219
anti-slavery societies and
conventions, 53–54, 56, 57–58
Arab, 84
Arthur V. S. Woodruff, 41, 42, 88,
112, 126, 190
Athlete, 221
Atlantic, 149, 207
Aurora, 164–65, 231
Avery, James F., 209, 225
Avilla, Joseph, 126
Babcock, John (George), 148–49 baleen (whalebone): amount from John and Winthrop trip, 201; end of demand for and replacement of, 137, 204; extension of whaling industry by market for, 137, 193–94, 204; harvesting of, 137; harvesting of as primary whale product, 100; Navarch ice incident when whaling for, 42, 43; products made from, 136, 137; properties of, 137; value of, 193–94; value of from Navarch trip, 43
Bartholomew Gosnold, 132–33 Basque people, 29–30, 100
, Gibbs
Woodruff
Belain, George Johnson, 35, 40–41, 91, 171
Belain, John W., 42
Belain, Joseph G., 35, 40–43, 126, 194, 217, 233, 234, 244n34 Belain, Peter, 40, 41
Belain, Thomas, 41
Belain, William, 35, 41, 91
Belain family, 31, 40–41
Benjamin Cummings, 107, 171, 231 Benjamin Tucker, 93–94, 225, 229 Benton, Anthony P., 62, 89, 99–100, 102, 115, 171, 172, 189, 217, 232, 234
Benton, Joseph P. “Joe,” 72, 99, 113, 115–26, 165, 218, 223, 230, 232, 233, 251n16
Bertha, 75, 107, 132, 134, 187, 189, 209
Bertha D. Nickerson, 184, 187, 193 biologicals, 129
1
Black Jacks (Bolster), xiii
black men/sailors: discrimination against and promotion of, xiv; free black men from interracial marriages, 12; involvement in whaling of, 4; landing in southern port with all-black crew, 9–10, 145; percentage of all men involved in whaling, 4; safer occupation opportunities for, 8, 31; state laws on freedom of movement of, 7; whaling as better than slavery for, 4–5, 27, 66, 205; whaling by free black men, former slaves, and descendents of slaves as, 4
black people: choices about
identification as Native American or black, 12, 14–15, 31–32, 151–52; constitutional rights of, 6–7; free blacks from interracial marriages, 12, 32–33, 38; hypodescence and slavery of, 139; identity
and opportunities for, 151–55; intermarriages between Native Americans and, 12, 19, 31–32, 36, 37, 38, 151–52; laws enacted to arrest and return slaves to owners, 6–7, 10, 52, 142, 144–45; literacy of, 49; property and tax laws for, 14–15, 38; state laws on freedom of movement of, 7; whaling
community role in freeing blacks, 55–58
Black Sailors (Putney), xiii, 155 Blossom, 180
Bolster, W. Jeffrey, xiii, 18, 144, 150 Bolton, 76
Borden, Nathaniel A., 168
Boston, Absalom F., xiv, 31, 47–51, 52, 145, 146, 151–52, 162, 166, 167, 168, 217, 238, 244n9
Boston, Freeborn, 48, 49
Boston, Prince, 47–48, 56–57, 145, 146 Boston, Seneca, 48–49
Boston, Thomas S., 50, 51
Boston family, 47–51
bowhead whales, 61, 129, 171 Brewton, Daniel, 55
Brock, Peleg, 223
Brock, Priam, 223
Brooks, Lionel L., 124
Brown, Charles, 124, 251n15
Brown, J. Ross, 83
Brown, James Franklin, 171, 207, 218 Brown, Robert, 206–7, 218
Brown, Roswell, 109, 223
Brown, William Wells, 53
Browne, John, 223
Brutus, 141
Bullen, Frank T., 149–50, 157–58 Burdick, Antone, 207, 218
Burgess, Paul Cook, 223
Burns, Walter Noble, 150, 177, 198, 200
Cachalot, 149–50, 222
Caldera Dick, 113
Calhoun, John C., 142
California, 31, 58, 140, 146, 194. See also San Francisco
Callao, 34, 91
camel system, 162–63
Cameo, 134, 181–82, 190, 209 Canadian Arctic Expedition, 85–87, 194
cannibalism (lifeboat strategy), 108, 110–11, 250n54
Canton II, 71, 72, 73–74, 190, 220, 259n2
Cape Horn Pigeon, 41, 101, 106, 231 Cape Verde archipelago, 173–74 Cape Verdeans: captains and crews, 72–75, 84–87, 103–6, 111–12, 114– 25, 174, 177, 178–91; contributions to whaling by, 178; cranberry bog work of, 60; culture of, 175–77; Hall of Fame in Providence, 106; identity and opportunities for, 152, 153–54, 174–75; information and records about masters,
xiii–xiv; language of, 174; packet ships owned by, 192; pay and lay system of compensation, 67–68;
population in U.S., 175; treatment of and discrimination against in U.S., 175–78, 256n13; whaling by, xiii–xiv, 204
captains/whaling masters: deaths from whales, 107, 223–24; discipline and management skills of, 157–59; length of trips and number
2
of captains, 5; management
and judgment of, xii; medical
knowledge and responsibilities of, 163–65; owner expectations for, 159–61; pay and lay system of compensation, 7, 66–68; qualities of a good captain, 156–57;
replacement captains, xii, 26–28; talent and skill requirements for, 7 captains/whaling masters of color: deaths from whales, 107, 113–15, 126, 223–24, 251n9; discipline and management skills of, 157–59; discrimination and difficulty to rise to level of, xiv; dynasty of Cuffe, Wainer, Cook, Boston, Pompey, and Phelps, xiv, 10–11, 15–20, 24, 26, 242n34; family-orientation of, 23; financial stability of families of, 18–19; information and records about, xiii–xiv, 11, 114; list of, 217–18; medical knowledge and responsibilities of, 163–65; meritbased promotion of, 6, 27, 66;
non-transferable skill of whaling, 18, 204–5; owner expectations for, 159–61; pay and lay system of compensation, 7–8, 66–68;
privilege of rank of, 4; qualities of a good captain, 156–57; rank not race as basis for discipline, 7; ranking of top twenty-five captains, 35; replacement captains, xii, 26– 28; revenues earned through, 7–8; safer occupation opportunities for, 8, 31; success of, 18–19, 43, 47, 50, 51, 145–46, 196, 205; talent and skill requirements for, 7, 34–35; time line of success of, 145–46; whales killed by, 232–34; whaling masters with Native American blood, 31–43
Carleton Bell, 75, 172, 186, 189 Carolina, 163
Carolyn Frances (Charles Brower), 87, 206
Carrie D. Knowles, 78, 79, 80
Cassander, 144
Catalpa, 66, 246n7
Challenger, 87
based
Champlain, Henry, 52
Charles, xiv
Charles Brower (Carolyn Frances), 87, 206
Charles Colgate, 149
Charles G. Rice, 189
Charles Phelps, 150
Charles Thompson, 196
Charles W. Morgan, 69, 101, 107, 194, 205, 221
Charleston Packet, 76
Charming Polly, 13
Chase, 91, 222
Chase, Owen, 109–10
Chilmark, 13, 36, 38, 93, 236, 237 Churchill, Ansel, 223
City of Columbus, 39, 90
Civil War: destruction of whale ships by the Confederacy, 35, 169, 203–4, 229, 230; discrimination and difficulty to rise to level of master before, xiv; end of and freedom for slaves, 8; laws enacted to return slaves to owners, 6–7; opportunities for men of color after, 204
Clara Bell, 71
Clara L. Sparks, 72, 115, 118–25, 126, 251nn14–16
Clarice, 94, 225
Clark, George, 163
Clark, Obed, 24
Clasby, Meteor, 223
Claudia, 134, 187
Clay, Henry, 209
Cleveland, Benjamin D., 178–79, 181, 182, 190
clothing, 81
Clough, Benjamin, 148–49
Coleman, John Pimmg, 101, 106, 107 Columbus, 82
commandments, whalemen’s, 23 Connecticut, 140, 141
Consipaion, One, 207, 218
Cook, Benjamin, 25
Cook, Daniel Cross, 223
Cook, Joseph, 25
Cook, Pardon C., xiv, 17, 24, 25–26, 159, 171, 217, 232, 234
Cook, Samuel E., 223
Corinthian, 225
Costa, Benjamin, 172, 189, 190–91, 218
Costa, Carlo, 184, 217, 232, 233 Costa, Maecelino Debarro, 132–33,
3
217, 232, 234
Cottle, Silas, 223
crew/whalemen: all-black crews, 9–10, 16, 22–23, 26, 47, 49, 52, 146, 159, 166, 167, 238; commandments for, 23; compensation for, 7; cost to feed, 7; desertion by, 88–89, 91–92, 97, 98, 105, 117; difficulty, dangers, and boredom faced by, 3–6, 31, 83–84, 88–89, 109; drowning of, 6, 31, 109; first-time whalers, 70, 71; life aboard ships for, 69–71, 81–84, 88–89, 101–2, 198, 199–200; pay and lay system of compensation, 66–68, 93–94; seasickness on whaling trips, 70–71; types of people working as, xii, 3–4, 7, 66; words said when a whale surfaces, 61
Crowninshield, 171, 189
Cuffe, David, 13–14, 15, 17
Cuffe, John, 13, 14, 15, 17, 25
Cuffe, Mary, 17, 18, 21, 22
Cuffe, Naomi, 17, 18, 21
Cuffe, Paul, Jr., 17, 18, 21, 26, 65, 159
Cuffe, Paul, Sr.: accomplishments and contributions of, 10–11, 16, 19; birth and early life of, 10, 12–13, 17; black–Native American heritage of, 12, 151–52; blockade running by, 15; business enterprises of whaling and mercantile missions, 16–18; captain position of, xiv, 159, 217; character of, 10; death of, 17, 18; dynasty of whaling and merchant captains and wealth of, xiv, 10–11, 15–20, 24, 26, 242n34; early
whaling career of, 13–14; family of, 10, 12–15, 17, 18–19; farming by, 13–14; financial stability of family of, 18–19; landing in southern port with all-black crew, 9–10, 49, 145;
legacy of, 19, 205; marriage of, 14; mercantile trade venture of, 14; monument to, 11; navigation and natural skills at sea of, 15, 145; as owner and captain of Ranger, 9–10; Quaker faith of, 10, 11, 15–16, 23, 45; school started by, 11, 16; ships built and owned by, 14, 15, 16, 20, 21; support for resettlement of black people in Sierra Leone by, 11, 16, 26, 52, 56; taxation protest of, 14–15; Westport home of, 14, 25 Cuffe, Ruth, 17, 18, 21, 26
Cuffe, William, 17, 18, 21, 26, 52, 72, 146, 166, 167, 217, 238
Cushman, Benjamin, 84
da Lomba, John, 178–81, 190, 218 Daisy, 125, 179, 181
Dartmouth, 13, 14, 15, 59, 235 Davoll, Edward S., 142, 158–59 Delight, 25
desertions, 88–89, 91–92, 97, 98, 105, 117
Dexter, Ebeneezer, 223
Diana, 52
Dias, Joseph, 111
discrimination and racial tensions aboard ships, xiv, 34, 91–92, 100, 102, 120, 146–50, 201
disease: aboard ships, 96, 100, 105, 123–24; affect on whaling industry, xii, 58, 59; medical knowledge and responsibilities of captains, 163–65; smallpox outbreak on Sullivan, 134–35; Wampanoag tribe deaths from, 36, 48, 58, 59
d’Oliveira, Luiz, 171, 189, 218 Domingues, José M., 171, 183, 190, 218
Domingues, Manuel J., 181–84, 190, 206, 218, 257nn17–18
Douglass, Frederick, 53, 54, 55, 56–58, 66, 152
Down to the Sea in Ships, 68
Draco, 149
Drake, Edwin Laurentine, xii
4
Draper, 168
Dred Scott v. Sandford, 6–7
Dryade, 91, 222
E. H. Hatfield, 184
Eagle, 40, 163
Ears, Jasper M., 95, 171, 184, 189, 217, 230, 231, 232, 234
Earthorp, Joseph A. H., 207, 218 Eddy, Abraham T., 223
Edgartown: black population in, 93; focus of whaling industry in, xi–xii, 199, 235; homes in, 93, 99; Martin home and life in, 92–99; Wampanoag tribe in, 36
Eleanor B. Conwell, 104–5, 126, 209 Eliot C. Cowdin, 231
Eliza, 40, 41, 42
Eliza Adams, 34
Elizabeth, 25, 91, 159, 171, 209, 222, 229
Ellen A. Swift, 75–76, 105, 181, 187, 190
Ellen Rodman, 184, 207, 209 Elliot C. Cowden, 184
Ellis, Albert, 223
Elvira, 90
Emerald, 206–7
Sandford
Hatfield
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 113
Emma F. Herriman, 196–97, 199, 200, 209
Emma Jane, 94, 225
Essex, 108, 109–11, 113
Eugenia Emilia, 189
Eunice H. Adams, 95, 96–98, 184, 199, 225, 226–28
Euphrates, 76
Europa, 114, 225
Ewer, Alvan, 223
Ewer, Peter Folger, 162
Factor, 27
Fame, 141–42
Fannie Bond, 103
Fannie Byrnes, 189
Fernandes, Julio, 64, 126, 187–88, 218 Fisher, James H., 207–8, 218
flogging, outlawing of, 84, 100, 116 food, 81–83, 101
Fordham, Thomas E., 97–98, 225, 227 forecastle (foc’sle), 70
Forten, James, 55–56
Foster, Stephen S., 53–54
Fox, George, 44
Fox, Julia Good, 31–32
Francis, 167
Freitas, Antone, 68
Freitas, Frank, 68
Freitas, Theophilus M., 62, 68, 71, 104, 172, 189, 218, 220–21, 232, 234
Friendship, 45, 48, 76
Fugitive Slave Acts, 6–7, 10, 52, 56 Gardener, Hezikaih, 208, 218 Garrison, William Lloyd, 52–53, 55, 56, 57, 168
Gaspar, Joseph, 171, 186, 218 Gay Head: City of Columbus sinking near, 90; Native Americans in, 38– 39; racial background of population in, 151; runaway slave escape to New Bedford from, 36–37; Wampanoag tribe in, 10, 31, 36; whalemen with Native American blood from, 37, 40–43
Gay Head, 201
Gay Head II, 84, 85
Gazelle, 107, 229
General Taylor, 25
George J. Jones, 184
George Porter, 39
Gibbons, Arthur O., 96, 107, 226 Gloum, Alfred C., 223
Gold Rush, 31, 39, 58, 146, 194
Golden City, 93, 105, 185, 209, 225 Gomes, August Paul, 64, 111–12, 126, 190, 218
Gomes, José B., 121
Gomes, Joseph, 70, 123, 125, 153 Gomes, Manuel F., 209
5
Gone a-Whaling
(Murphy), xiii
Gonsalves, John T., 93, 95, 98, 101, 103–6, 189, 190, 196, 205, 218, 231, 232, 233, 250n54
Gonzales, Henry John, 84–87, 149, 194, 206, 218
Gooding, Abraham, 52
Gratitude, 225
Green, Peter, 27–28, 113–14, 145, 146, 217
Greyhound, 111–12, 126, 127, 171– 72, 189, 190
Hamilton, James, 26, 52
Hammer, 22, 23
Harlow, Stratton H., 223
harpooners/boat-steerers, 5, 27, 58, 62–63, 66–68
harpoons: Basque harpoons, 30; Nantucket sleigh ride from
harpooned whale, 5, 63, 182; record distance of throw of, 5; Temple Toggle harpoons, 170–71; typical distance of throw of, 5 Harris, Samuel W. “Sam,” 27, 47, 52, 54, 146, 159–63, 167, 217, 232, 234, 244n9
Harris, William P., 223
Haskins, Amos, 72, 89–92, 171, 217, 222, 232, 233, 238, 249n23 Haskins, Samuel, 39, 90
Haskins, William H., 43, 217, 219, 232, 234
Haskins family, 31, 43, 56
Havleton, Diane, 183, 184
Hazell, William, 208, 218
Hegarty, Reginald B., xiii, 252n17 Hegarty, William, 68, 252n17 Hercules, 41, 76
Herman, 87
Hero, 15, 21, 23, 25, 39
Hesper, 219
Higgins, Anthony, 32
Highland, 52, 54
Hiller, Edwin W., 223
History of Martha’s Vineyard
(Railton), xiv, 94
History of the American Whale Fishery (Starbuck), xiii
Howard, Alexander, 17, 18, 21 Howard, Horatio P., 18–19
Howard, Peter, 17, 18, 20, 21
Howard, Shadrack N., 18, 26
Howell, John Egbert, 224
Howes, Edward, 224
Howland, Isaac C., 224
Hudson, 219
Hudson Bay, 100
Hussey, Frederick, 101, 106–7, 217, 231, 232, 234
Hussey, Isaac B., 224
ice, danger from, 42, 43, 77, 201 Independence, 50
Industry, 24, 25, 39, 47, 49, 50, 166, 167, 238
Iris, 219
Isaacs, Charles, 121, 122–23
J. W. Flanders, 169, 231
James Maury, 67
Jeffers, Amos, Jr., 39–40, 72, 89, 90, 217 Jeffers, Amos, Sr., 39, 89
Jeffers, Henry Hubbard, 39, 90 Jeffers, Thomas, 39
Jeffers family, 31
John A. Robb, 184
John Adams, 27–28
John and Winthrop, 201–2
John Hathaway, 219
John R. Manta, 64, 112, 126, 132, 184, 185, 187, 205
Johnson, Ezra R., 168
Johnson, Richard, 17, 18, 26, 49, 52, 146, 166–68
Johnson, Richard C. (son), 168 Jones, Edgar (Edinbur Randall), 36–37
Josephine, 72
Junior, 101–2
Juno, 25
Kathleen, 111, 112
King, John B., 164–65
King Hiram’s Lodge, 80
Laetitia, 103
Lawton, Frederick A., xiv
Lee, Ferdinand, 31, 33–35, 72, 89, 91, 152, 194, 217, 233, 234
Lee, Ferdinand “Ty,” 33
Lee, James, 33
Lee, Milton, 33, 35
Lee, Notley, 33, 35
Lee, Robert (James R.), 33, 35
Lee, William Garrison, 31, 33, 35, 72,
6
152, 194, 217
Index Cont.
Manta
Leods, Samuel, 148
leviathans, xii. See also whales Lewis, Harold O., xiii, xiv, 24, 94, 155 Lewis, Henry A., 72, 76–77, 217, 232, 233
Lewis, Joseph R., 64, 72, 126–27, 218, 232, 233
Liberator, The (Garrison), 52–53, 55, 145, 168
lifeboat strategy (cannibalism), 108, 110–11, 250n54
logbooks: availability of and information from, xiii; Benton logbooks, 115–16, 117–25; dangers and difficulty of whaling life in, 65–66, 246n7; race and nationality of crews from, 152–53; so ends this day entries, 96, 98
Long Island: drift whale harvesting near, 30–31; Southampton whaling and whalers, 30, 33, 34, 204. See also Sag Harbor, Long Island Loper, 47, 49, 162, 238, 244n9 Lopes, Antone, 121, 122
Lopes, Frank M., 62, 72, 75–76, 102, 172, 182, 189, 218
Lopes, Joseph, 226
Lopes, Louis M., 75, 126, 133–36, 141, 181, 187, 190, 218, 232, 233, 252n16
Lopez, John, 226
Lopez, Lucy, 194–95
Lopez, Peter, 194–95, 218
Lottie Beard, 120
Louisiana, 219
Luce, Jesse, 224
Lucy Ann, 149
Lund, Judith N., xiii
Lydia, 171, 189
Macy family, 49
Madison, Napoleon Bonaparte, 41 Magnolia, 114
Malloy, Mary, xiii, 155
Mandly, Henry, 76, 207
Marcella, 67
March, 76, 91, 92, 222
Marchant, Byron, 128–29
Margaret Scott, 141
Margarett, 107, 134
Martha’s Vineyard: African American Heritage Trail on, 94; anti-slavery lectures of Douglass in, 57–58; black population on, 93; blockade running to, 15; focus of whaling industry in, xi–xii, 38, 235; Native Americans on, 38–39; racial
background of population on, 151; Wampanoag tribe on, 32, 36–38, 90; whalemen and masters with Native American blood from, 37–43
Martin, Nancy “Black Nance,” 94–96
Martin, William A., xiv, 89, 92–99, 199, 209, 217, 225, 226, 232, 234 Mary, 15, 20, 39
Mary E. Simmons, 172, 189, 207 Maryland, 9–10, 52
Mashow, Isaac H., 171
Mashow, John, 125, 168–69, 229–31 Massachusetts: end of slavery in, 12, 19, 48, 145; integration of school in, 54; slave population in, 140; voting and taxation laws in, 14–15 Massasoit, 41, 90, 91–92, 171, 222, 238 Masten, John, 21, 24, 25, 145, 217 Mattapoisett, 222
Mawer, Granville Allen, 70
Maxcy, John, 27
Mayflower, 30
McKenzie, Thomas, 72
medical knowledge and
responsibilities of captains, 163–65 Melville, Herman, 5, 37, 61, 68, 110, 113 men of color/people of color: choices about identification as Native
7
American or black, 14–15, 31–32, 151–52; constitutional rights of, 6–7; derogatory views about habits and intelligence of, 34, 36; free blacks from interracial marriages, 12, 32–33, 38; harpooning
skills of, 27, 58, 62; identity
and opportunities for, 151–55; intermarriages between races, 12, 19, 31–32, 36, 37, 38, 151–52; involvement in whaling of, xii, 4; laws enacted to arrest and return slaves to owners, 6–7, 10, 52, 142, 144–45; merit-based promotion of, 6, 27, 66; opportunities for in New Bedford, 7, 59–60; population share compared to proportion involved in whaling, xii; safer occupation opportunities for, 8, 31; success of and money made from whaling by, 18–19, 43, 47, 50, 51, 196, 205; use of expression and groups included in, 4; whaling as better than slavery for, 4–5, 27, 66, 205
Micah, Thankful, 31, 48–49
Millard, Martin Van Buren, 125, 165 Mills, Henry, 148
Milton, 184, 207
Milton, Anthony, 114
Minerva, 67
Minerva II, 171, 189
Moby-Dick (Melville), 5, 37, 61, 110, 113
Mocha Dick, 113
Montreal, 89, 132
Morning Star, 68, 72–73, 75, 169, 183, 184, 231, 238
Moses, Ruth, 13, 17, 31
Mosher, S. A., 113
Munroe, John, 224
Murphy, Jim, xiii, xiv, 71
mutinies, 6, 101–2, 107, 148–49
Myrick, Seth, 27, 114, 224
Mystic Seaport, 69, 204, 205 Nantucket: anti-slavery conventions and riot on, 53–54; black
population on, 58, 59, 146;
blockade running supplies to, 15; end of slavery on, 12, 46, 48, 54, 145–46; fire in and destruction of records, 154; focus of whaling industry in, xii, 13, 38, 44–45, 58– 59, 146, 162, 235; harbor sandbar and camel system to allow ships into harbor, 162–63; integration of school on, 50, 53–54; parade to celebrate Loper return, 162; Quaker congregation on, 44–45; Wampanoag tribe on, 32, 36–38, 48, 90; whalemen and masters from, 47–54; whalemen with Native American blood from, 37, 38, 44, 45
Nassau, 35, 208
National Anti-Slavery Standard, 56, 144–45, 147–48
Native American Whalemen and the World (Shoemaker), xiii, xiv, 94, 155
Native Americans: blacks escaping slavery, role in, 36–37; choices about identification as black or Native American, 12, 14–15, 31–32, 151–52; discrimination and racism endured by, 32–33, 34; diseases and deaths caused by settlers, 36, 48, 58, 59; fishing skills and expertise of, 44; free blacks from interracial marriages, 12, 32– 33, 38; identity and opportunities for, 151–55; intermarriages between blacks and, 12, 19, 31–32, 36, 37, 38, 151–52; loss of culture, identity, and rights of, 12, 32; pay Standard
and lay system of compensation, 67; property and tax laws for, 14–15, 38; records about whaling, xiii–xiv; right of tribe to determine its citizens, 31–32; teaching whaling to European settlers by, xii, 3, 30–31; whaling by, xii, 4, 30; whaling masters with Native American blood, 31–43. See also specific tribes
Navarch, 42, 43, 107
navigation: navigation skills of Cuffe, 15, 145; Smith teaching navigation to Rosa, 72, 73
Needham, S. R. Soper, 224
Negro Seaman’s Acts, 6, 7, 144
8
New Bedford: abolitionist views in, 60; avoidance of customs officers in, 24; black population in, 204; Cape Verdean population in,
175; center of whaling industry in, xii–xiii, 10, 13, 45–46, 59–60, 146, 152, 199, 235; creation from part of Dartmouth, 59; crew lists from, 154–55; Douglass escape to, 57–58; escape of Harry and wife to, 21; integration of school in, 50; lost ships that never returned to port, 6, 72; Mustee population in, 37; opportunities for men of color in, 7, 59–60, 204; racial background of population in, 152– 53; Retole’s Wharf in, 125; runaway slave escape to with help from Wampanoag woman, 36–37; textile industry in, 60, 192, 204
New Bedford Public Library, xiii, 5 New Bedford Whaling Museum, xii– xiii, 11, 129, 204, 205
New Bedford Whaling Museum Library, xiii, 104
New Hampshire, 140, 141
Newark, 76, 77
Newell, Robert R., 109, 250n1
Nigger, use of word aboard ships, 120, 146–50
Nile, 5
Noice, Harold, 84, 86–87
Norris, Howes, 148–49
Northeast states/New England: decline of whaling industry in, 3, 60, 192, 199; opportunities for men of color in, 6–7, 204; textile industry in, 3, 60, 192, 204
Northstar, 194
Norton, Abner, P., 224
Nye, James L., 224
odors, 88
Ohio, 99–100, 115, 171
oil/whale oil: average amount from each whale, 240n10; barrels and total value from Cook’s trips, 25; barrels and total value from Protection trip, 24; barrels as measure for and size of barrels, 130; harvesting of, 5–6, 63–65; money made from industrial whaling, xi–xii; net profits from harvesting, 7–8, 16, 43, 68, 72–73, 240n10; nonrenewability of, xii; odor from, 88; price of, xii, 204; uses for, 3, 131; value of from Navarch trip, 43. See also sperm oil Old Tom, 113
Oliver Crocker, 76, 208
Oliviera, Claude, 5
Ontario, 109
Oscar, 92, 222
P. & A. Howard retail store, 18, 20, 21, 22
Pacific Ocean/Pacific Northwest, 42, 77, 194, 200–201
Paddack, Aaron, 224
Paddack, William, 24
Palmetto, 41, 42
Palmyra, 90
Parnasso, 163
Patterson, 206
Payne, Elisha, 78–79
Pedro Valera, 62, 68, 70, 75–76, 102, 172, 181–82, 184, 189, 221
Pedro Varela, 99
Pennsylvania, xii, 58–59, 140 people of color. See men of color/ people of color
Pequot War, 138–39
Perry, José, 126, 184, 218
Peru, 171, 184, 189
Phebe, 27, 159–61, 162–63
Phelps, Alvan, xiv, 17, 18, 21, 22–23, 24, 25, 72, 145, 217, 238
Pierce, Severino, 232
Pierce, Severino D., 113, 114–15, 217, 224, 233
Pierson, William H., 224
Pilgrim, 144, 186
Pioneer, 35, 41, 132
pirates, 15
Platina, 37–38, 72, 125, 193, 220 Pleiades, 168
Pocahontas, 111
poem from Catalpa logbook, 65–66, 246n7
Polar Bear, 85–87, 194
Polynesian whalers, 106–7, 148–49, 198
9
Pompey, Edward J., xiv, 47, 51–54, 146, 166, 167, 168, 217, 238
Pompey family, 51
Poole, William Henry, 133
Powell, William Peter, 55, 56
President, 39, 41
Protection, 24
Providence, 106, 134, 141, 175, 235 Provincetown, xii, 77, 78–79, 103, 112, 115, 132, 134, 196, 199, 235
Putney, Martha, xiii, 25, 155
Quakers: abolitionist views and freeing of slaves by, 7, 12–13, 44, 46, 140, 145; Cuffe joining of and modeling life after, 10, 11, 15–16, 23, 45; founding of, 44; Nantucket congregation of, 44–45; persecution of, 44; prohibition of people of color from joining, 13, 15–16, 45; racial tolerance and respect for all humans by, 44, 45; whaling industry role of, xii, 44–45, 192
Quickstep, 103
railroad boom and expansion, 3, 60 Railton, Arthur, xiv, 94
Rainbow, 35
Randall, Edinbur (Edgar Jones), 36–37
Randall, Gideon, 209
Ranger, 9–10, 15, 19, 20–22, 23 Rebecca Sims, 94, 225
replacement captains, xii, 26–28 Resolution, 24
Returns of Whaling Vessels Sailing from American Ports, 1876–1928 (Hegarty), xiii
Revolutionary War, 7, 145, 203 Reynolds, Jeremiah, 113
Rhode Island, 140, 141
Richmond, 47
right whales, 61, 118, 129–30, 234 Rising States, 26, 51–52, 166, 167, 168, 238
Rising Sun, 103
Roderick, Joseph, 101, 107, 218 Rodin, Abraham, 159
Rodman, 76, 77, 166–67
Rodman, Samuel, 45–46
Rodman family, 45–46, 192
Roman, 34, 103
Rosa, Valentine, 23, 68, 71, 72–75, 117, 169, 218, 231, 232, 233, 238 , Sims
Rosa Baker, 68
Roscoe, 107, 206
Rosie, 194
Rotch, Joseph, 45
Rotch, William, Jr., 46, 145, 192 Rotch, William, Sr., 10, 15–16, 45–46, 48
Rotch family, 13, 23, 45–46
Ryan, Michael, 84
Sag Harbor, Long Island: fire in and destruction of records, 154; focus of whaling industry in, xii, 31, 235; racial background of population in, 151; runaway or freed slaves in, 31; Shinnecock tribe and whaling from, 31–35
Salem, 50, 236
Salisbury, Beulah, 36–37
Sally, 24
Samuel and Thomas, 41
San Juan, 29
Sarah, 90
Sea Fox, 109, 250n2
Sea Queen, 103, 184, 230
152, 154
Senna, Antonio José, 62, 102, 171, 184, 218, 233, 234
Senna, Ayres J., 62, 93, 171, 172, 185–86, 189, 218, 232, 234
Senna, Joseph H., 106, 172, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 218, 232, 233
shale oil, xii, 58–59, 137, 193
Sharon, 148–49
Shearman, Prince, 224
Shenandoah, 35
Shinnecock tribe, 31–35, 152
ships/whale ships: conversion to slave ships, 140–42, 143, 159; cost of, 3; damage to and sinking of by
10
whales, 6, 84, 109–11, 113, 196; discrimination and racial tensions aboard, viv, 34, 91–92, 100, 102, 120, 146–50, 201; last remaining ship, 205; life aboard, 69–71, 81– 84, 88–89, 101–2, 198, 199–200; lost ships that never returned to port, 6, 72; Mashow, ships
designed and/or built by, 168–69, 229–31; mutinies aboard, 6, 101–2, 107, 148–49; Nantucket sleigh ride from harpooned whale, 5, 63, 182; number built, xii; ownership of, 171–72; process of butchering and blubber melting aboard, 5–6, 63–65, 88; racial prejudice on, no room for, 4, 7, 27; sails on, 203, slave ships, 140–42, 143, 159 slavery: blacks escaping slavery, Native American role in, 36–37; blood-fraction laws, 139; Civil War end and freedom for slaves, 8; cost to feed slaves, 7; crimes of, 53–54; early history of,
138; end of, 12, 19, 46, 48, 54; escape of Harry and wife to New Bedford, 21; free labor from
slaves, 139; hypodescence and, 139; justification of by supporters, 138–39; laws enacted to arrest blacks and return slaves to owners, 6–7, 10, 52, 142, 144–45; laws supporting, 139–40; manumission San Francisco, 100, 137, 194, 199, 235 Seaman’s Protection Papers, 57, 58, 259n2; size of, 69, 203; speed of, 203–4; whaleboats from, pursuit of whale by, 62–63
Shoemaker, Nancy, xiii, xiv, 94, 155 Shorey, Julia, 200, 202
Shorey, William T., xiv, 23, 41, 103, 108, 150, 177, 194, 195–202, 217,
232, 233, 257n18
Silva, Franks, 118
Silva, John Z., 104, 171, 188, 217 Silvia, Clarence J., 98
process for freeing, 47–48;
population in whaling states, 140; Prince Boston as first slave to
sue for freedom, 48; publications supporting end of, 52–53, 55, 56, 144–45, 147–48, 168; Quaker
opposition to and freeing of slaves by, 7, 12–13, 44, 46, 140, 145; status as slave defined in terms of the woman/mother, 32–33; support for, 142; whaling as better than, 4–5, 27, 66, 205; whaling industry role in, xii, 55–58
Slocum, Kofi, 12–13, 15–16, 17
Smalley, Amos, 37–38
Smith, John, 102, 106
Smith, Marian W., 72
Smith, Robert B., 224
Snow, William F., 246n7
So Ends This Day (Warrin), xiii, 94, 155
South Carolina, 52
Southampton, Long Island, 30, 33, 34, 204
Southern Harvester, 132
southern ports: landing in with allblack crew and concern about
runaway salve accusations, 9–10, 49, 145; laws about ship crews landing in, 52; laws enacted to arrest blacks and return slaves to owners, 144–45
Southworth, Thomas J., 224
sperm oil: barrels and total value from Cook’s trips, 25; barrels and total value from John Adams trip, 27; barrels and total value from Loper
11
trip, 47, 162, 244n9; barrels and total value from Protection trip, 24; barrels and total value from
Sparks trip, 122, 251n14; barrels from Independence trip, 50; barrels from large whale Smalley killed, 38; odor from, 88; price and value of, xii, 130, 234; spermaceti from head, 64, 130
sperm whales: ambergris from, 126– 27, 131–33; average amount of oil from, 118, 240n10; characteristics and habits of, 130–31; dart gun to catch and bomb lance to kill, 37– 38; number killed, 131; preference for killing, 129–30; size of, 38; speed of, 131; surfacing and spout of steam from, 61; survival skills and estimates population of, 131; teeth of, 6, 64
spermaceti, 64, 130
Splendid, 39
Stackpole, Matthew, 69
Star Castle, 184
Starbuck, Alexander, xiii, 30, 38, 77 Starbuck, Obed, 47, 162, 238, 242n34 steel industry, 3
Stefansson, Vihljamur, 85–87 Stella, 107
Stephania, 76
Stevenson, Collins A., 72, 77, 78–80, 103, 217, 232, 233
Stull, David Conwell, 132
submarines, 105, 127, 128–29, 203 Sullivan, 68, 134–35, 220, 221 Sunbeam, 104, 105, 125, 188, 190, 207, 220
Sunfish, 20
Susex, Ezra, 208, 218
Swain, Silas, 224
Swain, William, 47–48
Swallow, 178
Sylvia, Antone, 171–72, 185, 189, 217 Tamerlane, 100
teeth, whale, 6, 64, 131
Tekoa, 171, 184, 189
Temple, Lewis, 170–71
textile industry, 3, 60, 192, 204 Thomas, 47, 49
Thoughts on African Colonization (Garrison), 52–53
Thriver, 114
Timoleon, 24
Tisbury, 36, 38, 93, 235
Topping, Richard, 224
Traveller, 14, 16, 19, 21, 22–23, 24, 25, 26, 49, 238
Triton, 149, 222
Two Brothers, 25
Union, 111
Unk, Industry, 224
Valkyria, 75, 126, 133, 184, 190–91 Vanderhoop, Edwin D., 39
Vanderhoop, Netta, 36–37
vermin, 83
Viola, 127, 132
Virginia, 52, 138, 139, 142
voyages/whaling trips: all-black crews on, 9–10, 16, 22–23, 26, 49, 52, 146, 159, 166, 167, 238; dangers and boredom of, 3–6, 31, 65–66, 83–84, 88–89, 109, 246n7; families of captains on, 23; last trips, 205–6; length of, 5; lost ships that never returned to port during, 6, 72; mileage covered by, xiii; mutinies during, 6, 101–2, 107, 148–49; net profits from, 7–8, 16, 43, 68, 72– 73, 240n10; number made, xii, xiii; number made with replacement masters, xii; records about, xiii–xiv, 16; seasickness on, 70–71; time of the year and timing of, 77;
worldwide locations and map of, xii–xiii, 206
12
Wade, 168
Wainer, Asa, 23, 25, 171
Wainer, Gardner, 21, 25
Wainer, Jeremiah, 19, 20, 21 Wainer, John, 19, 25
Wainer, Mary, 21, 24
Wainer, Michael (Micah), xiv, 15, 16, 18, 19–20, 24, 25, 145, 151–52, 217 Wainer, Paul, xiv, 19, 21, 23–24, 145, 217
Wainer, Rodney, 25
Wainer, Thomas, xiv, 19, 20–22, 24, 25, 145, 159, 217
Wainer family, 31
Wampanoag tribe: blacks escaping slavery, role in, 36–37; death of from epidemics caused by settlers, 36, 48, 58, 59; end of with death of last members, 48; eradication attempts by the Puritans, 35–36; Martha’s Vineyard and Nantucket home of, 32, 36–38, 48, 90;
Massasoit tribe relationship to, 90; number of members of, 36; Paul Cuffe’s mother as member of, 10, 12, 13, 31; People of the First Light name for, 243n19; whaling by, 37–38; whaling talent and skills of, 37–38
Wanderer, 41, 113, 207 Warrin, Donald, xiii, 94, 100, 155 wars, xii, 203
Washington, 76, 167, 168
Washington Freeman, 114
Watchman, 132
Wave, 100
Waverly, 94, 225
weather: affect on whaling industry, xii; dangers associated with, 5; hurricane season, 77, 112; North Pacific weather, 194, 200–201; ships lost from storms, 75–76; time of the year and timing of whaling trips, 77; whale hunting at the end of winter, 100; wind, weather, and
seasickness on whaling trips, 70– 71; wind and weather on Eunice H. Adams trip, 96–97
Weir, Robert, 71
West Indian masters and sailors, 4, 40, 78–80, 153
Westport: acceptance of Cuffe into Quaker society in, 15–16; Cuffe sailing from and lack
of records about trips, 16, 22; Cuffe settlement in, 14, 26;
focus of whaling industry in,
235; monument to Cuffe in, 11; purchase of property by Cuffe in, 20; Wainer family cemetery in, 24; whaling households in, 26
whales: attitudes toward, 128; average amount of oil from, 118, 240n10; captains killed by, 107, 113–15, 126, 223–24, 251n9; characteristics and culture of, 128–29, 130–31; damage to and sinking of ships by, 6, 84, 109–11, 113, 196; finding and catching, 61–62; first recorded attempt by colonists to catch, 30; killing and butchering of, 5–6, 30, 62–65; killing of by captains of color, 232–34; leviathans name for, xii; memories of, 129; Nantucket sleigh ride from harpooned whale, 5, 63, 182; number killed, 129; products made from, 131–32; size and weight of, 5, 110, 118; skill for fleeing of, 5; sounds made by, 128– 29; species/types of, 129; strategy for hunting, 118; surfacing and spout of steam from, 61; swimming and surfacing habits of, 61–62; swimming speed of, 110; towing back to ship, 5, 63; types of whales killed, 129–30, 234; value of, xi–xii. See also sperm whales
whale-watching, xiii
whaling industry: brutality of the trade, 128; centers of and ranking of ports, xi–xiii, 10, 13, 38,
44–46, 58–60, 137, 199, 235–37; commerce and jobs related to, 131; commercial viability of, 131, 192; contributions of black men to, 166– 72; decline in and end of, 60, 137, 192, 203–4; diversity in, xii; drift whaling, 30–31; factors conspiring to end, xii, 58–59, 203–4; legacy of, 204–6; money made from, xi–xii, 3; non-transferable skill of whaling, 18, 204–5; number of people
involved in, 3; pay and lay system of compensation, 66–68, 93–94;
13
products made from whales, 131–
32; ranking of, 3; recordkeeping of,
xiii; size and complexity of, xii; start
of, 29–31, 38; teaching whaling
to European settlers by Native
Americans, xii, 3, 30–31; types of
people involved in, xii, 3–4, 7, 66;
worldwide whaling grounds for, xiii
William A. Graber, 76, 178, 179–80,
182, 191
William A. Grozier, xi, 5, 132, 188
William E. Terry, 188
William Hamilton, 76
Williams, Charles, 117, 120
Willis, 222
Wilmington, Delaware, 22, 236
Winslow, Bradford W., 224
Wise, Henry A., 142
Wood, Elihu, 224
Wood, William H., 209, 218
Young Phenix, 34
Yukon, 191
Zephyr, 76
14